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Transparent textures Texture atlas now supports alpha-channel. DAO Texture Mapping. Reared hen pheasants have been released in the area five times; partridges have been release twice, in all cases for the purpose of strengthening the natural population of the area.
Within a relatively short period there was a spectacular rise in the quantity of game population and in parallel, in the recovery as well. In the case of both deer and small game there has been approximately four-fold increase in the annual recovery and this recovery level is now steady.
Rural Development Conference damage-causing ones. It is completely natural, that in case of above average stock density of the desired species of game within a short time damage-causing will also appear making everyday life challenging for the wildlife manager.
Armed defence against game damage is not as effective as trapping. It can be stated that sustained high numbers of small game can only be maintained, where professional hunters of the area conduct intensive trapping.
In addition to the continuous improvement of the habitat, the most important factor is the personality, competence, motivation, vocation and diligence of the hunting area manager, the professional hunter.
Success is unthinkable without a good ranger; finding a good professional hunter is not easy, and if you manage to find such a colleague, then retention is important. The hunter association works with professionals with high level of expertise, who receive above average financial and moral recognition.
The challenges and development opportunities of the hunting industry In the hunting industry, having reached a relatively high recovery level it is not easy to exceed it year-on-year, it is only possible with disproportionately more work, or even then it does not happen.
Let us explore those challenges that are present every year as well as the newly emerging ones: The main task is to provide the hunting area with water supply, as there is neither permanent, nor temporary watercourse, lake, irrigation channel, etc.
This may be resolved by installing water holes and litre watering barrels. The other and bigger challenge is increasing the numbers of nesting sites for small game, which is the most important habitat development task for reproduction.
Land lease proposals may be solutions, which may greatly contribute to sustaining the habitat. The two most damage-causing species are the wild boar and the golden jackal.
In the case of both species the harmful effects to wildlife of their appearance in small game areas have not been recognised in many hunting areas. A publication of a national study on the correct application of methodology would provide a solution to this problem.
What happened to the former wetland paradise of Biharugra? Has it been successful to contain the reduction of the population of protected bird and mammal species caused by the overgrowth of wild boars and other damage-causing bird species within and around the territory of the National Park?
Rural Development Conference When will the actual number of these species be accurately assessed? This means that one hunter shot hares in the course of 6 days, a day. In addition, hares did not turn to the corners in the soft snow.
Gyula Orosz hunting explorer shot 95 hares using cartridges in the winter of , which is a ratio of ,6. But cartridges were military ones.
A well-managed social hunt has four important components: -impeccable organisation , - hunter fellowship, that is attention without any downside, fun without offending one another - good sport, body training actions, nature delights-nature protection, - fair takedown.
This rank cannot be reversed, the order of importance cannot be changed, because then you will be missing out somewhere. Beside the aforementioned ingredients the rest of the supplies — the equipment, the room and board, and the travel — are just by-things. Its natural range is narrowing down more and more to the South Eastern part of the Great Plains. The population size and the harvest of the hare show continuous decrease according to the diagrams.
It is likely, that the natural population is overestimated. The estimated size of the population was Habitat Transformation For the conservation of the stock habitat development is the most important. If this does not happen, lasting population growth may not be achieved.
The large areas of grasslands or pastures are not favourable to the hare. The lack of continuous areas covered with plant in the large areas in the autumn period has a particularly bad effect black fallow land. In addition, suitable habitats for hares are not bordered by rich lush vegetation. The situation is even more serious where connection among suitable areas for hares is inappropriate ecological green corridors.
Therefore, habitat development for hare is not usually done according to the needs of the species. Agriculture The intensive spread of agriculture and related adverse effects labour force, speed, cultivation width of machines , as well as large scale tillage farming do not favour the preservation of the hare population. Extreme Weather Conditions The frequent weather extremes, droughts and overly wet periods, inland inundation, unusually mild winters or late frosts and snow experienced in the past decades all significantly decimate the hare population.
Planning and harvest are not carried out according to the estimate of population at the beginning of the hunting season, but are designed based on the estimation of population in February design change as legislation allows is not carried out. Therefore, response to the changes in the population taking place in the spring- summer seasons of those eligible for hunting is often delayed.
One of the reasons for the decrease in certain populations may be due to overharvesting. Predator Control all year round Thinning of predators has an effect on the size of hare population. If litters of the fox population are removed from the areas favourable to hares, the number of hares can be doubled. In other areas, however, the number of hares does not increase so dramatically. In fact, in areas where the hare population had doubled in the first year due to the efficient thinning of predators, in the second year there is no significant growth.
Rural Development Conference primary reason for the drastic drop in the number of hares is not due to the proliferation of predators. Aim of Population Control The primary goal would be to maintain a stable and recoverable natural population in the long term, which could only be achieved in some areas by maintaining the number of population it is only for a small area, and even just in small territories of it , but in most areas it could only be achieved by increasing the density.
Unfortunately, it may be stated that even in the whole of small game areas there is no such natural population size that could allow for long-term harvest for eligible hunters in a self-sustaining manner. Principles of Population Control If those eligible for hunting would like to harvest hare, it can only be done under strong predator control, and with moderation.
This means, that taking into account the current annual yield, the number of hunting and catching days must not threaten the population. In one part of area harvest is possible once a year only. In the management of hare population the introduction and application of adaptable and wise harvest management is necessary. Capture or Shot Hare Use The means of management is primarily influenced by the existing natural population, its size and location within an area.
The application of a method for estimating the population number estimate by using thermal camera is suggested, but using night time reflectors may also be suitable should be made mandatory at the end of winter and in early spring and autumn, prior to the hunting seasons.
Tasks for Habitat Improvement In game management habitat improvement favourable to this species is priority, where land management favourable to the species may be carried out, furthermore continuous water supply in suitable quantity and quality to hare must be provided. Areas dominated by small-plot farming, sowing structure allowing for diversity proportion of legumes within an area and grasslands, forest patches and forests in alternation provide optimal habitat for the European hare.
Creating hides, ecological green corridors connecting uncultivated edges of land that interweave the whole area. Predator Management Continuous and intensive predator control in the whole of hunting areas is priority, with particular attention to furry pests. With regards to damage to game in small game areas according to the raptor-life programme , where protected species of raptors prey on substantial amount of hares, wild game farmers should be compensated for the loss of income, which should be spent to maintain the pheasant population.
Of course, if Hungary is mentioned, we do not need to think of that large nature and environment pollution like the ones in China or the USA, however there are destructive activities everywhere, which might be avoided with small-scale care and caution.
In my presentation, I will talk about and depict such most typical phenomena because results cannot and should not only be reached by strictly keeping the rules of law but by a conscious awareness-raising activity. Relation between human and nature 1. Burning Such an activity can be carried out outdoors exclusively with the permission of the Environment and Fire Protection Authority, it is utterly forbidden to burn resistant vegetation e.
Burning shall be implemented in a way that harm can neither be made to the fauna nor the environmental conditions. It is especially important in the spring season because dry vegetation from the previous year provides shelter and nestling place for numerous protected as well as unprotected birds mammal species.
Fire left carelessly aside will often cause irreparable damage. Fertilisers, treated seeds, unauthorised pesticides Each performance enhancer and chemical is to be used solely according to the prescriptions, in the opposite case the irresponsible ones must reckon with their crime of damaging nature.
Paragraph of the Civil Code declares that our environment is a protected legal object, the common value of all. Rodenticides such as Redentin RB are to be mentioned separately, however this drug is unauthorised in the EU because of its chlorophacinone content, it is sometimes vis major marketed and used. Despite the rigorous rules on land application only flight management, prohibition on the use of rolling disc, etc.
Groundworks, harvesting In order to increase productivity and due to a relative lack of labour force, equipment and machines with higher and higher capacities are used even in agriculture. One of the most urgent problems today is the question of water supply due to the unfavourable changes of weather conditions.
Water from the large rivers is transported to the place of usage through irrigation systems. The problem is that for avoiding leakage detection, embankment is provided for watercourses with concrete panels, rubber covers and polyethylene sheeting. It is true for each solution that they become algaefied within a particular period of time thus will be extremely slippery.
At or under certain filling levels of river beds, game seeking for water and getting into the canals will irresistibly die. The status of already existing canals and watercourses should then be reviewed.
Ploughing of routes, alleys, boundaries, overexploitation As a result of a profit-oriented attitude becoming dominant recently, forest lanes, alleys, ruderal areas edging agricultural fields are disappearing in larger and larger quantities. That means a problem because the majority of wildlife lives in these areas, e. A solution would be for instance to assign the payment of subsidies for land cultivation to the size of land used legally.
Based on the survey conducted recently by the National Association of Forestry, it can be claimed that half of the woody species planted within the Great Plain Afforestation Programme s is missing.
Illegal dumping disposal of waste The quality of natural habitats still existing is further destroyed by disposing municipal waste illegally there, although such an activity has been considered as a crime since 18 th March Harmful substances can remain in the environment as well as be accumulated in human beings as end consumers significantly even for centuries. Rural Development Conference 7. The topic of stray animals One of the most neuralgic points between animal rights activists and those in charge of responsible nature protection is the question of stray animals.
Both species are cross-compatible with their wild relatives wolf, wild cat that unintentionally contributes to genetically destroy the original species.
Game-vehicle collisions Except for motorways where fences are set up to protect vehicles , animals and vehicles can accidentally encounter anywhere at any time. Collision is considered as a road traffic accident therefore police and the territorially competent person in charge of legal hunting must be called to manage any disputes emerging later on, game is not allowed to be taken; it is the property of Hungary if alive, and to be possessed by the person in charge of legal hunting if dead.
The hunting value of dead animals is not compensated while damage caused to the vehicle is managed by the insurance company, in case having a complementary insurance or motor casco insurance. It would be a working solution if complementary insurance related to the current case — as in Slovakia — was integrated — for a higher price — into the compulsory liability insurance. The concept of sustainable development has undergone continuous changes over the years, reaching nowadays to state that the main objective of sustainable development is to find relevant correlations between systems economic, social, technological, environmental Ciolac et al.
The states that allocate the highest costs for education and research are also those whose economy is based on innovative products and which have an accelerated growth rate McGuirk et al. Therefore, education and innovation are the primary factors driving sustainable growth Feher, Literature Education leads to growth and jobs and helps to improve employability, productivity, innovation and competiveness UN, Education is an important objective formulated in the Agenda for Sustainable Development UN, The objectives of the European Union regarding education as a basis for the development of a smart and sustainable economy are set at SDG4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
The targets broaden the scope of education as a global project to encompass outcomes in literacy, numeracy, and wider learning including global citizenship, sustainability and gender equality Unterhalter, Rural Development Conference percentage of GDP, and the number of universities in each analysed country which are among the top universities in Europe. Statistical indicators are real numbers, which synthesize part of the information contained in a set of values, giving the possibility of global appreciation of the whole series, instead of taking into account each value in the string Rujescu, ; Raicov et al.
Minimal and Maximal are indicators that indicate the value range of the value series. Minimal is the smallest value in the series, and Maximal is the highest.
Average is the indicator that shows the central trend of the value series, and usually shows where the data tend to clutter. Often, the values in the series are mostly near the average, and a smaller part of them are located to the left or right of the media. It is calculated as the ratio of real GDP to the average population of a specific year.
The value of the indicator decreases as we move to Eastern European countries. This directly affects the quality of life, including the level of education in each country, as a premise for sustainable development. Another indicator analysed in the article concerns the financial support of the education system in the countries taken for the study, expressed as a weight that is allocated to education from Gross Domestic Product.
The situation is presented in Figure 2, and the values reflect the average of the years Unfortunately, the education system in Romania benefits from the weakest financial support in all analysed countries. The same situation is found in the case of supporting research and development Figure 3. Hungary allocates 1. This directly affects both the physical conditions for carrying out educational and research activities in school units and the qualitative level of the educational act.
The correlation will also be supported by presenting the number of universities in these countries that are in the European ranking of prestigious universities. Figure 4. The bivariate Pearson Correlation produces a sample correlation coefficient r , which measures the strength and direction of linear relationships between pairs of continuous variables.
So, education is a main factor that determines the evolution and size of Gross Domestic Product, and, finally, the sustainable development of a country.
Similarly, as one variable decreases in value, the second variable also decreases in value. Regarding the Sig 2-Tailed if the value is less than or equal to 0. Pearson correlation coefficients In Figure 6 we show the distribution by country of the universities in the European rankings - top , , , and Thus, United Kingdom has seven universities in the top universities in Europe, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden have three universities in the top , Belgium and Denmark two universities, Finland and Norway each one university in the top , the rest of the countries do not have university in this ranking.
At the level of the first mentioned countries we observe an increased number of universities in the top , and Regarding the ranking of the Romanian universities internationally, this is totally unsatisfactory.
Out of a total of 95 universities 56 state universities and 39 private universities, at the level of Eurostat, , in Romania only two universities are in the European ranking. Rural Development Conference Figure 6. As a result, the education system in a country must be adjusted and supported both financially and through the adoption of viable policy decisions that will ensure increased performance in the educational system.
Conclusions Education is one of the main factors that influence the level of development of a country, both economically, socially and culturally. Continuing education after the basic level is important because people with higher qualifications are more likely to be employed and less likely to face poverty in a knowledge-based economy. Therefore, investing efficiently in education and training systems that deliver high-quality and up-to-date services lays the foundation for a country's prosperity.
Also, regarding the Sig 2-Tailed which value is 0. Rural Development Conference our case emphasizes that there is a statistically significant correlations between the two variables.
The share of GDP allocated for education in Romania is only 2. Summary The main objective of the article is to present the level of education in some selected countries, and to explain how education determines a sustainable growth. Education is the main factor to achieve both economic and employment growth. At the same time, education plays an important role for a sustainable improvement of the standard of living in the world.
Supporting education is also one of the aims of the Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal 4 , but education appears in a number of other SDG targets too. International Journal of Learning and Teaching. Case Study Apuseni Mountains Area. Sustainability, 11 5 , doi Land Use Policy, vol. Research Policy, vol. Academica, XXIX, vol. Global Policy, vol. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly.
Hungary decided to upgrade its automobile industry in order to connect the country into the global economic system. Using an American theory of Pisano and Shih, here I would like to show the Hungarian governments policy on reaching that goal. Although it targets the automobile industry the government also helps the agricultural sector as well.
In this paper, I chose a town in Tolna county. Relying on local traditions and measuring regional economic trends should help to maintain the agricultural sector in rural Hungary. A valuable resource Through the examination of profitability indicators, my goal is to answer a general question: Is the land a valuable resource?
Collis and Montogomery, I argue that land can easily fulfill the first four conditions. There is currently no technology available to replace or imitate high-quality lands.
The history of mankind is persistently linked to this durable, renewable resource. Where it can be assumed that private property is protected by the state, the profits generated on the land may be appropriated. The only remaining condition is that land should be a more valuable resource than its competitors. In this sense, land's competitors may be other activities that can be carried out by a settlement.
If human and material resources can be better exploited, more value is created, like by utilizing another valuable resource, such as a local tourist attraction, then a shift of strategic focus could be useful or indeed, necessary. Industrial commons In Pisano and Shih industrial commons refer to the critical mass of suppliers, buyers and skilled labour in a geographic area.
While Porter emphasized their competition in the first place, Pisano and Shih demonstrated the symbiotic relationship between these economic operators within the industrial commons.
These commons are created by being the most logical gameplay theory step of competitors when they enter the market: settling somewhere near the centre of the existing competitor's supplier network. Rural Development Conference the common will emerge. An essential feature of industrial commons is that all economic players benefit from their existence, for example by the availability of greater human resources, the movement of which between the companies will facilitate the spread of knowledge.
The emergence of industrial commons is a self-strengthening process Pisano - Shih, and their existence in the 21st century is due to the very fact that transport costs are not zero Jacks et al.
In my previous studies I have already showed many of this theme, like the Slovakian and Hungarian automobile commons Duczon a. Following the change of regime, several car factories have been established in Hungary. From the number of factories, it is easy to see that Hungary has become a favourable location for the automotive industry because over the years a serious system of suppliers has been established.
This began the development of industrial commons, which later became a self-accelerating, productive process. The government allocated different types of resources into the automobile industrial commons like giving financial support to foreign companies, providing educated workforce in certain geographical locations and available educational system.
Creating such industrial policy put a question to the experts about its significance on local development. The economic background of Tolna county I chose to study the viability of agriculture by conducting a study of an agricultural village. Zomba is a typical agricultural village. Tourism is not particularly strong in here, or in its extended area i. These two factors together mean that the profitability of agriculture is crucial to Zomba.
If it is not supported by the relevant data, the initial investment and time needed to shift strategical focus in this county would be one of the highest. Per capita gross domestic product per county, in Table 1 shows the gross domestic product per capita in per county. It is easy to see in the figure that the eastern and south-western counties of the country are among the poorest. Tolna County, however, occupies the 8th place among counties with 2.
By comparison, the other two counties in the region, Baranya and Somogy, have similar data of 2. Baranya Tolna Somogy National average Agriculture 9. Added value of the counties of the Southern Transdanubian region by sector. Table 3 shows that the added value of the service sector While in all three counties of Southern Transdanubia the weight of agriculture is higher than the national average, in Tolna County, due to higher industrial performance, the distribution of added value is different.
As far as Tolna's agriculture is concerned, the cultivation of plants is decisive, while the weight of livestock production in the sector is negligible. The cultivation of grain within the county is dominant within the cultivation of plants: grain was grown on Zomba does not reflect the general dominance of industry in Tolna as seen in Table 3.
Figure 3 shows that 65 percent of the total turnover of the 54 enterprises registered in Zomba was accounted for companies pursuing their activities in agriculture. Rural Development Conference Similarly to Tolna county, the contribution of the service sector is lower, however, unlike in Tolna county, in Zomba, not the industry, but the predominance of agriculture explains the phenomenon.
At the beginning of this chapter, I made two statements that I wanted to confirm with relevant data. The first claim was that Zomba was basically an agricultural town. To assess this, I have mapped the structure of the economy of the whole country and Tolna County, and as a result, I have shown that Zomba has a strong agricultural dominance as compared to both the county and country.
The second claim was that tourism in Tolna County was relatively weak. The national data supported this claim well, both through the number of beds and their utilization. Investments of economic enterprises in the first half of The largest rate is occurred in the construction sector with nearly one third of the total investments, because of its high capital-intensiveness.
The following table shows the paradox situation between different economic sectors in Tolna county. Number of employed population in different economic sectors, Q1 of Source: KSH In Table 3 we can see the employed workforce in Tolna county in different economic sectors. The agricultural sector has employed more than two thousand people, closing on the energy sector, while required less total investments.
These two statistics underlines the paradox situation of investment and employment in the rural regions like Zomba. Even though the agricultural investment rate is much lower than nearly every economic sector in Tolna, it employs large portion of the available workforce, closing on the biggest employer of Tolna county MVM Paks. Rural Development Conference In the following statistics we can look on the registered economical enterprises in Tolna county.
Economy sector Number of Joint ventures individual Total number Non-profit economical enterprises of enterprises enterprises enterprises Agriculture and 13 12 13 15 fishing Energy 63 31 30 61 2 Construction 2 1 2 1 Commerce, 3 1 1 3 2 maintenance Total 39 6 29 36 2 Table 4. Registered economical enterprises in different sectors and numbers. First half of Source: KSH The statistics clearly shows the numbers of different registered enterprises in Tolna county in the first quarter of The fragmented agricultural sector has lost its ability to represent their various and sometimes extremely local demands on higher political ground.
In order to relieve the industrial pressure, the government took a step ahead with new agricultural programs through the Hungarian Chamber of Agriculture like scholarships, training courses, and agricultural forums. Conclusions Zomba and the rural regions of Hungary have many opportunities in agriculture. Many of the old traditional agricultural regions faced difficulties like decreasing rate of investments, shortage of available workforce and losing primary markets both global and regional as well.
The South-Transdanubian region has potential to survive on its own by strengthening regional ties between counties: Baranya, Somogy and Tolna , relying on older traditions agriculture and acquiring the latest technologies. According to the Hungarian statistics the agriculture could become one of the leading sector for the rural regions, as it requires less investment and can rely on old traditions.
The local agriculture can also provide more job opportunities to the unemployed members of the society. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. In , 63 percent of the world's total value produced came from services, 30 percent from industry and 7 percent came from agriculture.
In the countries boasting the world's largest gross domestic products such as the United States, Germany, France, Japan or the United Kingdom, the weight of the service sector may range from 70 to 80 percent; accordingly, industry account for 10 - 30 percent, and agriculture between 0 and 2 percent. Central Intelligence Agency, This global economic trend can be observed in Hungary, too, where the agricultural sector accounts for 4.
Central Intelligence Agency, The study consists of three sections. In the first part I will examine the infrastructural status of Hungary, focusing on the Southern Transdanubian region. In the second part I will examine the economical background of South Transdanubia, with its three countys. After that I would like to show the population data and the local enterprises in Tolna county, which are factors in making opportunities in the rural country.
Infrastructure in Hungary The first pan-European transport development was decided on in the s, with the aim of involving countries outside the Union - the East. After lengthy negotiations, the European transport ministers adopted the new, multimodal corridors in , named after the city where the related decision was made in: Helsinki. Five of them pass through Hungary, such as Corridor IV.
Budapest - Belgrade Fleischer, Fleischer pointed out at an early stage that the Hungarian transport structure, which is in fact a single-centre on Budapest , faces serious challenges, therefore we cannot accept the European efforts that make these challenges even more severe.
Rural Development Conference Following the EU accession of the region , the perception of these routes has changed since they are now part of a common EU strategy. That was the beginning of the rise of Trans-European Networks TENs , which are based on national land-based infrastructures. It can be concluded from the data that Southern Transdanubia is the worst in terms of motorways Northern Hungary, mentioned above regarding automotive industry, boasts better conditions in this respect, with having Tolna country has kilometres of public roads, including the M6-s high-speed motorway, nine main roads, 49 main cross-roads, 38 access roads, and 10 junctions.
Tolna is lacking well prepared and maintained roads that connect its Western and Eastern parts. Zomba has a connection with the M6 motorway through the main road. The processing industry needs to be strengthened because the absence of key infrastructures in It has showed the lack of networking among agricultural members farmers , which can block the cooperation. In Tolna county had hectare agricultural fields and hectare soil. Even though the region is lagged behind in many sector, the report suggested that the South- Danubian region has achieved much more of the agricultural output in spite of its relative small territory.
The report shows that the region is ahead in grains and cereals with medium production costs. South Transdanubia — and especially Tolna county —has many arable lands, which are in the most expensive category 1.
The economic background of Tolna county and the village of Zomba Table 3 shows that the added value of the service sector Figure 3 shows that 65 per cent of the total turnover of the 54 enterprises registered in Zomba was accounted for companies pursuing their activities in agriculture. Similarly to Tolna county, the contribution of the service sector is lower, however, unlike in Tolna county, in Zomba, not the industry, but the predominance of agriculture explains the phenomenon.
At the beginning of this chapter, I made two statements which I wanted to confirm with relevant data. To assess this, I have mapped the structure of the economy of the whole country and Tolna County, and as a result I have shown that Zomba has a strong agricultural dominance as compared to both the county and country.
Population statistics of South Transdanubia, first half of According to the table we can see that Tolna is the smallest county with nearly thousand inhabitants. A slight difference is occurring in the unemployment rate, where Tolna is ahead of Baranya, Somogy and the national rate. This data has a connection with the fact that Tolna has the lowest population in the region, so the statistical data only shows a tendency to researcrhers.
In the next table we can analyse the registered local economical enterprises in numbers. Rural Development Conference Economy sector Number of Joint individual Total number Non-profit economical ventures enterprises of enterprises enterprises enterprises Agriculture and fishing 13 12 13 15 Energy 63 31 30 61 2 Construction 2 1 2 1 Commerce 3 1 1 3 2 Total 39 6 29 36 2 Table 4.
Registrated econimical enterprises in different sectors and numbers. Conclusions Summarizing my work I would like to address that the rural part of Hungary have opportunities to grow in an industrial business world.
Zomba is a small village situated in the South-Transdanubian region with old agricultural traditions. According to the latest statistics Zomba has a huge advantage in the agricultural sector against its neighbouring areas with good quality of lands. I think Zomba and the rural areaf of Hungary have a slight chance of survival in this global pursuit of economical welfare. LUCAS With regard to our planet, it means enhanced load as the area of arable land decreases and at the same time the area occupied by cities and roads increases.
The risks arising from the environment pollution also affect the living spaces and the agricultural productivity. It entails that the food for the ever growing population must be supplied from ever decreasing agricultural areas. Since the establishment of Hungary, agriculture has always played a significant role in our country. During the different historical eras agriculture has always had a key role in the economy, in some eras even more so than in others.
The share of agriculture in the GDP is 3. Owing to the conditions of Hungary and the continuously growing demand for food, agriculture plays a significant role in the economy KSH There must be great opportunities in our country for the agriculture, despite the fact that the GDP digits are low.
Agriculture is a strategically important sector. It is true for the agriculture, as well as for the other economic sectors, that the old administration systems for the production, sales, taxation and administration have become obsolete due to the digitalized administration. Therefore the government continuously develops new systems, and these are the main topics of my scientific work.
Literature review In Hungary, the small-scale producers have special taxation rules, which is unique even in Europe. Private persons may acquire a joint small-scale producer license, which means that people living in the same household wish to pursue the small-scale producer activities together with their family members. The precondition for the joint license is to have the same permanent or temporary address.
Rural Development Conference step parent or guardian of the adopted person. Another condition is to choose the same taxation method for all the members in the joint license. On 1st July the definition of agricultural small-scale producer was modified.
The main point of the change was that the small-scale producer license may only be obtained if the private person has own farm on the territory of Hungary, or if the assets of the small-scale producer includes rented land NAV Act LII of on the new social contribution came into force on 1 st January According to the said regulation, the tax rate of the agricultural small-scale producers shall be The administration of the small-scale producer license, the issue, modification, change or withdrawal of the license may be requested at the county administration organisation competent for the permanent address of the client.
The direct contact persons are the village consultants. A part of the goods trade is goods imported to Hungary, and a significant part of those goods is agricultural products, raw materials, foods. After many decades a system was long due which ensures food safety and proper state tax income. The modern information technology, satellite technology and the internet access made the system possible.
The system of e-road toll was introduced in The amount of the toll depends on the number of axles, environmental classification, weight of the vehicle and the type of the road and other environmental conditions.
The taxation law of contained modifications for the whitening of the economy. CSETE The main topic of my research is the trade of water melon. Water melon is one of the most popular seasonal vegetables, and its nutrition content reaches the values of fruits. However, it is important to note that the trade of water melon by small-scale producers, traders is often in the center of attention, therefore is a good example for my research.
In Hungary, almost every village and town produces something on smaller or bigger areas. I highlight the possible weaknesses of the old regulation with the results of the tax return made on the basis of the five scenarios.
The average price per kilo was 79 HUF. Thus the producer sold tons of water melons and reported this quantity as own production. In reality, the own production was tons and 80 tons were illegally obtained. The 79 HUF price was given in the tax return.
However, the illegally obtained 80 tons were not indicated in the tax return. Thus tons were sold as small-scale producer activity, and 80 tons were sold as individual entrepreneur activity, and the tax was paid accordingly. The tax is paid as it is specified for small-scale producers. The costs of the production technology and the related costs are higher, and also the transport costs are higher due to the higher quantity.
Rural Development Conference Results and evaluation For easier comparison the results are shown in a summarizing table. This modification significantly changed the amount of tax, therefore the net income increased.
As it can be seen in Table 8, the earnings before tax remain the same, but the tax payable decreased to HUF, the net income increased due to the tax reduction with more than HUF, so altogether in it was 2 HUF. The tax payable decreased with HUF due to the modified personal income tax and the social contribution, so the payment obligation is 2 HUF, thus the net income is higher, 2 HUF.
The net income is 6 HUF, but the income of 3 HUF from the illegal trade is not given in the tax return. This behaviour entails high risks due to the inspections. The upper limit for the individual entrepreneurs is HUF. Thus the income was 3 HUF. Conclusions My scientific work reached its set goals. Therefore to pursue those activities is not realistic. The modification of the taxation rules of does not cover the small-scale producers, thus the traders are still in a better position when it comes to taxation.
The taxation system in force from provides more favourable financial conditions for the small-scale producers compared to the previous years, thus it encourages the producers to produce more for higher income. I recommend the maximum amount limit of the social contribution for the small-scale producers as well, for more favourable profitability and the resulting esteem.
The operation of the sample plant was studied on the basis of 5 scenarios. To sum it up, I concluded that it is not worth it for the licensed small-scale producers to produce more in the hope of higher income, however, after the change in the taxation rules, this year the small-scale producers are in a better position compared to Thus the current taxation rules are more favourable for the licensed small-scale producers, but I recommend the introduction of a maximum amount limit for the small- scale producers, just as in the case of the trading entrepreneurs.
Labor market statistics activity, employment and unemployment rates can be used, inter alia, to prepare employment policy decisions and to define regional labor force development tasks. The development of EU employment strategies requires consistent and internationally comparable information on the main developments in the labor market. The medium- term objectives of the Hungarian employment policy have been defined in line with the European Union's Europe strategy for jobs and growth.
The European Commission recommends that the guidelines be followed at regional, national and EU level. The economic crisis highlighted Europe's structural weaknesses, which were already apparent before the crisis.
The EU has also lagged behind in terms of economic growth and employment rates in other parts of the world. In the light of the above, the main challenge for the Europe strategy is whether it can prevent an instinctive return to pre-crisis situations.
The crisis has also highlighted the interdependence of our national economies reforms in one country also affect the performance of others , and our reflection on the crisis shows that together we are much more effective.
It follows from the above that social and territorial cohesion is the basis for achieving the objectives set at Member State and regional level. The LFS sample averages around 38, addresses per quarter. A feature of data collection is that the KSH does not publish monthly data, but the three-month averages, which are subject to sampling error, the smaller the range of data is analyzed, the greater the sampling error rate Fazekas - Varga, Data up to people can only be maintained with reservation due to high sampling error and over people are ignored.
There are several reasons for using the one-hour criterion: on the one hand, this ensures that all types of employment in the country can be taken into account; He is considered an unemployed person who has been out of work most of the year and has no job for which he was temporarily absent during the four weeks prior to the interview.
The first comprehensive unemployment data worldwide is derived from administrative records Nagy, The NFSZ has been continuously registering the unemployed since , with unemployment being the most basic area of the Office's data collection activities Fejes, et al. One of the benefits of registration is that it is a lot cheaper to produce statistics that are up to date on a monthly basis according to the 20th of the current month.
However, the NFSZ survey method ignores householders, forced entrepreneurs and the unemployed who for some reason have not registered themselves. Nagy, Material and methods In our research we collected data from secondary sources, and in our research we used the public databases of the KSH and the NFSZ. In the study, we primarily aim to introduce the two basic labor market databases KSH, NFSZ available in Hungary and their most significant differences.
By exploring the differences, we sought to find out which database is better suited for assessing the labor market situation in Hungary. As part of the research, we have prepared a unified table illustrating the differences between the two databases for the period In the case of the relative rate published by the NFSZ, the numerator in the national, regional, county and district level databases is the economically active age group of , with the exception of settlement series data, where the rates are calculated as a proportion of the working age population of In the analysis, the numerator of calculated rates is in each case given by the number of economically active persons in the given age group, as reported by the KSH.
The comparative table provides data on unemployment and employment in three age groups , , , illustrating how they change across the age groups. In the remainder of the research, we have touched on some of the most recently available data currently available, using selected territorial disparity indicators.
Special attention was paid to the study of the regional and regional disparities of the age group. The priority age group is gaining ground in international comparisons for calculating labor market indicators, as a large proportion of the EU population continues their studies in higher education.
The research will look at whether the Europe employment target is being met at national or regional level. The concentration of the unemployed between the ages of 20 and 64 by age groups was plotted on both Lorenz curves to illustrate their differences. The Lorenz curve is a special, one-sided, graphical graph Kehl - Sipos, , which is suitable for visualizing and comparing inequalities.
In the case of complete equality, the curve coincides with the diagonal of the square Kleiber, The NFSZ keeps jobseekers broken down into 6 age groups, and the data by age group published by the KSH have been recalculated and represented accordingly. The correlation between unemployment and job vacancy rates for a particular age group is illustrated in the Beveridge curve.
Data from the period were plotted on the curve to analyze the relationships between the rates. The author Dow and Dicks-Mireaux, who made the curve, found a negative relationship between the two rates, and when the economy is in recession, high unemployment is associated with few vacancies Rodenburg, In the study, the dual index and the Hoover index were used to further examine territorial disparities.
The basic data of the investigations were provided by the NFSZ database, because the registration involves a larger number of stakeholders, and they can be accessed at district level, even at settlement level. Rural Development Conference KSH data are mainly national, rarely regional, and thus do not allow the analysis of smaller areas.
Government regulation. As part of the research, the relative unemployment rate was analyzed using the dual indicator at several territorial levels, and the difference in the regional distribution of vacancies and jobseekers were examined by calculating the Hoover index.
Results The following table summarizes the data of the unemployment rate as interpreted by the KSH and the relative unemployment rate as interpreted by the NFSZ by age groups highlighted in the context of labor market surveys: 4 aged: ILO Recommendation on labor market monitoring. Reviewing the above data, it can be concluded that on one hand, the two databases have very different relative unemployment rates, as reported by the NFSZ, and on the other hand, the values of the two indicators follow the same trend.
In recent years, despite the steady decline in the population, the number of economically active people has increased, while the number of the unemployed has also fallen, so the labor reserve number of inactive is following a declining trend. According to the KSH, the number of unemployed persons in the age group was , persons on the national average in the first half of , and the calculated unemployment rate was 3.
According to NFSZ, the same figures are , persons and 5. By narrowing the age groups, the number of active people increases and the activity rate is higher.
According to the latest data, the activity rate for the age group is The employment rate in was The achievement of the target value was examined at the regional and county level for the available date. The results confirmed the country-specific regional differences. In contrast to the higher employment rates in the northwestern and central territories, the eastern and southern regions were below average.
Based on the above, it can be stated that in Hungary approached the target value at the national level, but in many cases it remained well below the target value.
The concentration of the number of unemployed persons aged determined by the two different databases by age groups is plotted on the Lorenz curve. Potential concentrations and their magnitudes are illustrated by the ratio of cumulative relative frequencies to values. The two figures below illustrate the concentration of unemployed persons collected in different age-appropriate databases.
Lorenz curve KSH Figure 2. In the case of the KSH, we get different data, here The two curves enclose almost the same area with the equation diagonal, so the curves represent the same concentration, the greater the relative concentration, the greater the distance of the curves from the diagonal. In the present cases, there is no significant concentration. The Beveridge curve illustrates the relationship between the vacancy rate of vacancies the ratio of job vacancies to the economically active population and the relative unemployment rate in the first half of to Beveridge curve 1 Own editing based KSH and NFSZ data The figure clearly shows that during the period of growth between and , the under-utilization rate increased with the decrease of the unemployment rate, so the two factors moved in the opposite direction.
Reflecting the employment prospects on the Beveridge curve, reflecting the employment prospects that have become more uncertain as a result of the crisis and the financial burden on housing foreign currency loans , increased labor-intensive migration, especially to EU Member States. Rural Development Conference demographic trends, and natural growth is far below the natural decline of regional and local populations, while the local human resources reserve is characterized by an aging age structure.
Foreign employment, emigration, an aging population all reduced domestic indicators. After , while unemployment continued to decline, the under-utilization rate also showed a downward trend.
Shifting the full curve inward, reducing vacancy rates, while lowering the unemployment rate, may even indicate an improvement in job matching: easier filling of vacancies than before, better skills skills, experience and workforce skills required by employers They fit. In our opinion, however, the degree of fit is not optimal, only in the current labor market situation have companies been forced to lower their expectations of employees. Spatial disparities in the relative unemployment rate of the working-age population aged were analyzed using a dual indicator.
The results show that the higher the levels examined, the greater the level of correlation. The differences are also reduced by ignoring Budapest in the calculations. In districts with higher relative unemployment rates, the index is 3. Dual-index Territorial levels Total without Budapest Regional level 2, 2, County level 2, 2, District level 3, 2, Table 2.
Dual-index at different territorial levels 1 Own calculation based on NFSZ data for July The relationship between the number of vacancies registered and the number of jobseekers was also examined for the month of
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